Ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ejirila ihe polymeric eke eme ihe dịka osisi, akpụkpọ anụ na ajị anụ kemgbe mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme, mana polymers sịntetik bịara kwe omume naanị mgbe mmepe nke teknụzụ rọba na 1800s.Ọ bụ John Wesley Hyatt chepụtara ihe polymer sịntetik Ž rst, celluloid, na 1869, sitere na cellulose nitrate na camphor.Otu nnukwu ọganihu na polymers sịntetik bụ nke Leo Hendrik Baekeland mepụtara Bakelite na 1907. Ọrụ Hermann Staudinger na 1920 gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ọdịdị macromolecular nke ogologo agbụ nke ugboro ugboro.1 Okwu ahụ bụ 'polymer' sitere na Grik, ọ pụtara 'ọtụtụ n'ime ha. akụkụ'.Uto ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ polymer malitere obere oge tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na mmepe nke polymers acrylic, polystyrene, naịlọn, polyurethane na ntinye nke polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene na ndị ọzọ polymers na 1940 na 1950.Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nanị ihe dị ka nde tọn 1 ka e mepụtara na 1945, mmepụta nke plastik n'ịdị elu karịrị nke ígwè na 1981, ọdịiche ahụ na-anọgidekwa na-eto eto kemgbe ahụ.
A naghị emepụta polymer dị ọcha n'onwe ha.A na-ejikọta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ na-abụkarị site n'ịgwakọta ma ọ bụ gbazee steeti iji mepụta pellets, ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ akes ga-eji na-arụ ọrụ nhazi ọzọ.Ogige ndị ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye Ž llers (iji belata ọnụ ahịa), ihe mgbakwunye, polymers ndị ọzọ, agba, ame retardants, stabilizers (iji gbochie mmebi site na ọkụ, okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ebe obibi) na ihe enyemaka nhazi dị iche iche.
Polymers sịntetik nwere ike ịbụ classiŽed n'ụdị abụọ.Enwere ike ịgbaze Thermoplastics (nke kachasị oke) site na kpo oku, sie ike site na jụrụ oyi na agbazekwa ugboro ugboro.Ụdị kachasị bụ polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) na polyamide (PA, naịlọn).A na-eme ka thermosets sie ike site na itinye ọkụ na nrụgide, n'ihi njikọ njikọta, ya bụ imepụta netwọkụ nwere akụkụ atọ na-adịgide adịgide.Enweghị ike ime ka ha dị nro site na ikpo ọkụ maka nhazigharị.Bakelite, epoxies na ọtụtụ polyurethane bụ thermosets.
Nchịkọta ugbu a bụ naanị maka nhazi nke thermoplastics.Thermoplastics azụmaahịa bụ classiŽ ed dabere na arụmọrụ ha dị ka 'ngwaahịa' (arụmọrụ dị ala, dị ka PE, PP, PS na PVC), 'Engineering' (dị ka PC, nylon na PET) ma ọ bụ 'emelitere' (arụmọrụ kachasị elu, dị ka Mmiri kristal polymers (LCPs), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) na polyethertherketone (PEEK)).Uto mgbawa a tụrụ anya ya na injinia na polymer dị elu emebeghị.Ojiji nke plastik na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto n'ime iri afọ atọ gara aga, mana tumadi na ụdị ngwa ahịa.Ugbu a, ngwaahịa polymers ruru ~ 88% nke olu emepụtara, plastik injinia 3 ~ 12% na ihe na-erughị 1%.Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa polymer dị elu kwa kilogram dị elu karịa nke maka ngwaahịa ngwaahịa ngwaahịa polymers, uru zuru ụwa ọnụ ha na akụ na ụba ka dị obere.
Plastics ngwa ahịa nwere obere ike na isi ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọla ma ọ bụ ceramik, ha na-egosipụtakwa mkpụgharị n'okpuru ike etinyere.Ha nwekwara oke okpomọkụ n'iji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe siri ike (ọtụtụ na-agbaze na nso 100-250 ° C).Moduli tensile nke ngwaahịa plastik bụ ~ 1 GPa (ma e jiri ya tụnyere 210 GPa maka ígwè).Enwere ike nweta nkwalite Signi-Ž site na itinye n'agbụ polymer.N'ezie, carbon-carbon bond siri ike nke ukwuu, na otu Ž lament polyethylene ka ejiri ụkpụrụ modulus karịrị nke ígwè mepụta.Enwere ike nweta nghazi dị elu site na usoro nhazi pụrụ iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ extrusion na ịbịaru na-esote na obere okpomọkụ.Na obere okpomọkụ, ụdọ polymer nwere oke mmegharị, na nghazi na-anọgide mgbe ọ gbatịchara.Ihe nchoputa na mmepe nke otu saịtị na nso nso a, metallocene na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè arụpụtala akara ule ọhụrụ nke polymer ngwa ahịa nwere njikwa ihe owuwu molekụla nwere ezigbo mma.
Ihe nrụpụta ụwa nke polymers mụbara3 site na nde tọn 27 na 1975 ruo ~ 200 nde tọn kwa afọ na 2000 ma ka na-eto eto.Dị ka otu akụkọ na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, mbupu 4 nke ngwaahịa rọba na USA na 2000 ruru ijeri $ 330, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebuga elu nwere ahịa nke ijeri $90, na-ebute mkpokọta kwa afọ na ijeri $420.E mere atụmatụ na mkpokọta ọrụ dị nde 2.4 - ihe dịka 2% nke ndị ọrụ US.Uto nke ụlọ ọrụ polymer bụ n'ihi nchikota pụrụ iche nke ngwaahịa rọba, nke gụnyere nhazi dị mfe na imepụta ihe, obere njupụta, iguzogide corrosion, ọkụ eletrik na mkpuchi ọkụ, na mgbe mgbe mma siri ike na ike nke otu nha.
Oge nzipu: Feb-04-2018