Development na ngwa nke biodegradable polymer plastics, biodegradable plastics bụ ụdị ọhụrụ ụdị na ọrụ nke mmebi nke polymer ihe, na-eji usoro, ọ nwere na-eme na otu ụdị nkịtị plastic na kwekọrọ ekwekọ ike na ngwa arụmọrụ, na. mgbe ya zuru ezu ọrụ, ihe nwere ike ngwa ngwa degraded na eke gburugburu ebe obibi ọnọdụ na-adị mfe na-nyere gburugburu ebe obibi iberibe ma ọ bụ anuahade, na na Itie oge n'ihu nbibi na-emecha oxidation ngwaahịa (CO2 na mmiri), laghachi na ọdịdị.
Mmepe na ngwa nke biodegradableplastik polymer, Plastics biodegradable bụ ụdị ụdị ọhụrụ na ọrụ nke mmebi nke ihe polymer, na usoro eji eme ihe, ọ na-ejikọta ya na otu ụdị plastik nkịtị na ahụike kwekọrọ na arụmọrụ ngwa dị mkpa, na mgbe ọrụ ya zuru ezu, ihe ahụ. nwere ike ngwa ngwa degraded na eke gburugburu ebe obibi ọnọdụ na-adị mfe na-nyere gburugburu ebe obibi iberibe ma ọ bụ enuahade, na na Itie nke oge n'ihu mmebi na-emecha oxidation ngwaahịa (CO2 na mmiri), laghachi na ọdịdị.
Dabere na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe mkpofu plastik kpatara, yana ọchịchọ nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpa mmadụ, ọ dị ngwa iji mụọ ihe polymer na-emebi emebi.N'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ na n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, usoro kemịkalụ nke plastik biodegradable ga-agbanwe.Dị ka ihe kpatara mgbanwe na nhazi kemịkal ya si dị, enwere ike kewaa plastik biodegradable ụzọ abụọ: plastik biodegradable na plastik fotodegradable.
1. Usoro mmebi nke plastik na-emebi emebi
N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, plastic na-emebi emebi na-ezo aka n'ụdị plastik nke nwere ike decomposed n'ime obere ụmụ irighiri ihe site na omume nke microorganisms na ala ma ọ bụ radieshon nke anyanwụ.Ọ ghaghị izute ihe ndị a chọrọ nke iji ngwaahịa na-adị mfe nhazi na ndabere nke ndabere. biodegradable Njirimara.Ụdị omume nke ìhè anyanwụ na ihe ndị polymer bụ mmetụta zuru oke nke ìhè ultraviolet na ìhè anyanwụ na ikuku oxygen na ikuku, ya mere a na-akpọkwa ya photooxidation deradation.Were polyolefin dị ka ọmụmaatụ iji kọwaa usoro nke mmebi nke photooxidation.N'ezie, photooxidation na-ebute nkwụsị nke agbụ ma ọ bụ njikọ nke polymers, na ụfọdụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ oxygen, dị ka carboxylic acid, peroxides, ketones na alcohols, na-etolite na usoro a.Ihe fọdụrụ na-akpata na polymers na mmalite nke peroxide na carboxyl otu ewepụtara n'oge nhazi bụ isi mmalite nke mmebi.
N'okpuru omume nke microorganisms (karịsịa fungi, nje bacteria ma ọ bụ algae, wdg), polymer nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ metabolized iji mee mgbanwe n'usoro kemịkal ha na ibelata ibu molekụla.Enwere ike kewaa usoro ihe omume ụzọ abụọ:
(1) omume biophysical.Nke ahụ bụ, mgbe mbuze nke ngwaahịa plastik site na microorganisms, mkpụrụ ndụ ndụ na-eto eto, na-akwalite ire ere nke polymers, ionization ma ọ bụ proton, ihe omume anụ ahụ na polymer kpatara mmebi n'ibu, ịdị arọ dị elu nke polymer n'ime iberibe oligomer, ka nweta ebumnuche nke mmebi anụ ahụ.
(2) biochemical edinam - kpọmkwem edinam nke enzymes.Ọnọdụ a na-akpata site na nbibi nke enzymes nke fungi ma ọ bụ nje bacteria zoro ezo, nke na-eduga na nkewa ma ọ bụ oxidative disintegration nke plastik, ma na-akpata nkewa ma ọ bụ oxidative mmebi nke polymers insoluble n'ime iberibe mmiri-soluble, na-emepụta ọhụrụ obere molekul ogige (CH4, CO2 na H2O) ruo mgbe njedebe ikpeazụ.
Enwere echiche abụọ n'ozuzu gbasara usoro nke biodegradation nke ihe polymer nke na-eduga na biodegradation.Nke ọzọ bụ mbelata nkewa site na njedebe nke yinye.Ya mere, ihe nhazi ihe eji eme ihe, dị ka ihe mejupụtara, isi ihe na n'akụkụ akụkụ, nha nke njedebe, na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị nkwụsị nke oghere oghere, bụ isi ihe na-emetụta arụmọrụ mmebi ha.N'ime ha, ihe ndị bụ isi yinye nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu.Ọ bụrụ na isi yinye nke polymer nwere agbụ nke na-adị mfe hydrolyzed, ọ ga-adị mfe biodegraded.Nke abuo, ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkpụ azụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmebi ahụ ga-adị ngwa ngwa, ebe ọ bụrụ na ọkpụkpụ azụ ahụ siri ike na n'usoro, ọnụego mmebi ahụ ga-adị nwayọọ.
A na-ebelata biodegradaability nke ihe ndị polymer site na alaka na crosslinking.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwebata ìgwè hydrophobic na njedebe nke polylactic acid (PLA) molecular chain nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mbuze na mbido mbụ nke mmebi.Nke a bụ n'ihi na n'ime usoro nbibi nke mbụ, nbibi nke PLA na-adabere na nhazi nke njedebe nke molecular, na mgbakwunye nke otu hydrophobic na-eduga na mbelata nke oke mbuze ya.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta amụwo usoro kemịkal nke polymers na ịdị arọ molekụla nke ihe ndị na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'imebi ha.
2. Mmepe nke plastik biodegradable
Ntuziaka mmepe nke plastik biodegradable n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịbụ ndị a:
(1) A kwadebere plastik biodegradable site n'ịmụ usoro biodegradation nke polymers na-emebi emebi, wee mụọ ma mepụta ngọngọ copolymerization nke plastik biodegradable na polymer nkịtị dị adị, polymers microbial na polymers eke.
(2) ịchọ microorganisms ndị nwere ike imepụta rọba polymer, nyochaa polymers ọhụrụ, nyochaa usoro njikọ ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu, kwalite mmepụta ha site na ụzọ ndị dị ugbu a na usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mụọ ụzọ dị mma nke ịzụlite microorganisms.
(3) ṅaa ntị na njikwa nke ọnụego nbibi, mepụta ndị na-akwalite mmebi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ndị na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma iji melite arụmọrụ biodegradation nke plastik na-emebi emebi, belata ọnụ ahịa ha, ma gbasaa ngwa ahịa.
(4) nyocha ma guzobe nkọwa ejikọtara ọnụ nke rọba na-emebi emebi, kwalite ma kwalite usoro nleba anya nke biodegradation, ma ghọtakwuo usoro mmebi iwu.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-13-2019